一、概述

        

    保(bao)證，是(shi)(shi)指(zhi)保(bao)證人(ren)(ren)和債權(quan)人(ren)(ren)約(yue)定(ding)，當(dang)債務(wu)人(ren)(ren)不履行債務(wu)時(shi)，保(bao)證人(ren)(ren)按(an)照約(yue)定(ding)履行債務(wu)或者(zhe)承(cheng)擔責任的(de)(de)行為。而保(bao)險(xian)是(shi)(shi)指(zhi)投保(bao)人(ren)(ren)根據合同的(de)(de)約(yue)定(ding)向保(bao)險(xian)人(ren)(ren)支付保(bao)險(xian)費、保(bao)險(xian)人(ren)(ren)對保(bao)險(xian)合同約(yue)定(ding)的(de)(de)可能發生的(de)(de)事故因(yin)其發生所造成的(de)(de)財產損(sun)失承(cheng)擔賠償責任，或者(zhe)當(dang)被保(bao)險(xian)人(ren)(ren)死亡、傷(shang)殘、疾病或者(zhe)達到(dao)合同規定(ding)的(de)(de)年(nian)齡(ling)、期限時(shi)承(cheng)擔給付保(bao)險(xian)金責任的(de)(de)商(shang)業保(bao)險(xian)行為。

        

    保證與(yu)保險(xian)是不同的法(fa)律關系(xi)，前者(zhe)為(wei)擔保關系(xi)，后(hou)者(zhe)為(wei)保險(xian)關系(xi)，在適用法(fa)律上有不同。隨(sui)著社會發展，經(jing)濟活動豐富多(duo)彩，應運而生的汽車消(xiao)費(fei)貸(dai)款(kuan)保證保險(xian)（簡稱“車貸(dai)險(xian)”）合同更是將前兩者(zhe)與(yu)消(xiao)費(fei)貸(dai)款(kuan)合同融于一爐。

         

    根據車(che)貸(dai)險(xian)業(ye)務的內容，我們可以看出它：1.承保(bao)主體(ti)為(wei)財險(xian)公司(si)；2.它以特定危(wei)險(xian)為(wei)對(dui)(dui)象，投保(bao)人不履行貸(dai)款(kuan)合同的還本付(fu)息義(yi)務即產(chan)生(sheng)危(wei)險(xian)；3.保(bao)險(xian)以對(dui)(dui)已經發生(sheng)的損失進行賠償為(wei)目的。

        

    二、車貸險的特征(zheng)和法律性質

        

    一般認(ren)為(wei)，汽車消費貸款(kuan)(kuan)保(bao)(bao)證(zheng)保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)是(shi)指購(gou)車人為(wei)獲得銀行的按(an)(an)揭貸款(kuan)(kuan)，到保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)公(gong)司購(gou)買這個險(xian)(xian)(xian)種，保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)合(he)同(tong)簽訂后，如果(guo)借款(kuan)(kuan)人不能(neng)按(an)(an)約還款(kuan)(kuan)，由(you)保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)公(gong)司向銀行承擔(dan)賠(pei)償損失責任的一種保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)。

        

    自1998年保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)公司(si)推出(chu)這個險(xian)(xian)種(zhong)以(yi)后，伴隨著汽車(che)消(xiao)費(fei)需(xu)求的(de)增(zeng)加，汽車(che)消(xiao)費(fei)貸(dai)(dai)款保(bao)(bao)(bao)證保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)業(ye)務迅猛增(zeng)長，成(cheng)為有效(xiao)保(bao)(bao)(bao)障(zhang)銀行汽車(che)消(xiao)費(fei)信(xin)貸(dai)(dai)安全的(de)重要手段，成(cheng)為汽車(che)消(xiao)費(fei)市場的(de)重要支柱之一。但(dan)近期，隨著車(che)貸(dai)(dai)險(xian)(xian)期限過(guo)半或(huo)到期，保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)公司(si)的(de)賠付(fu)率不斷(duan)上升，不良車(che)貸(dai)(dai)險(xian)(xian)不斷(duan)增(zeng)加，各保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)公司(si)損失(shi)慘重。車(che)貸(dai)(dai)險(xian)(xian)問題(ti)(ti)已經成(cheng)為一個嚴(yan)重影響金融(rong)秩序，嚴(yan)重影響社會(hui)(hui)穩定，嚴(yan)重影響國(guo)民經濟持續健康發展的(de)社會(hui)(hui)問題(ti)(ti)。

        

    從2003年下半(ban)年開(kai)(kai)始，各保(bao)險(xian)公(gong)(gong)司開(kai)(kai)始停辦車貸險(xian)，車貸險(xian)被(bei)保(bao)險(xian)公(gong)(gong)司視為(wei)畏(wei)途(tu)，紅火(huo)的車貸險(xian)一度陷入低谷。同(tong)時，全國(guo)法(fa)(fa)院(yuan)系(xi)統(tong)受理的汽車消費貸款及(ji)相關的保(bao)證保(bao)險(xian)合(he)同(tong)糾紛案件也不斷上升。由(you)于這類(lei)案件類(lei)型復雜(za)，涉及(ji)法(fa)(fa)律關系(xi)較多，大家在適(shi)用法(fa)(fa)律的認識上仁者見仁、智者見智，導(dao)致各地裁決(jue)結果很不一致，一定(ding)(ding)程度上影響了法(fa)(fa)律實施(shi)的嚴(yan)肅性、公(gong)(gong)正性和效率。故此，有必要對(dui)車貸險(xian)的現(xian)存問(wen)題(ti)與法(fa)(fa)律對(dui)策做(zuo)一定(ding)(ding)的探討(tao)：

        

    1、車貸險屬于履約保證(zheng)保險

        

    履(lv)(lv)約(yue)(yue)保(bao)(bao)證(zheng)保(bao)(bao)險(xian)是指保(bao)(bao)險(xian)公司(si)向履(lv)(lv)約(yue)(yue)保(bao)(bao)證(zheng)保(bao)(bao)險(xian)的受益人(ren)（即債(zhai)權人(ren)，這里(li)專(zhuan)指銀行(xing)）承(cheng)諾，如(ru)果被保(bao)(bao)險(xian)人(ren)（即債(zhai)務(wu)(wu)人(ren)，這里(li)專(zhuan)指借款(kuan)人(ren)）不按照合同約(yue)(yue)定或(huo)法律的規(gui)定履(lv)(lv)行(xing)義務(wu)(wu)，則由該(gai)保(bao)(bao)險(xian)公司(si)承(cheng)擔賠償責任(ren)的一(yi)種保(bao)(bao)險(xian)形式。

        

    車(che)貸(dai)(dai)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)合(he)同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)體有三方當事人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)，包括保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)、被保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)、投(tou)(tou)(tou)保(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)。保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)是(shi)指(zhi)經(jing)營車(che)貸(dai)(dai)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)各(ge)家金融機(ji)構；被保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)是(shi)指(zhi)經(jing)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民銀(yin)(yin)行(xing)批準開辦汽車(che)消費(fei)貸(dai)(dai)款(kuan)(kuan)業務(wu)的(de)(de)(de)商業銀(yin)(yin)行(xing)；投(tou)(tou)(tou)保(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)是(shi)指(zhi)與被保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)訂(ding)立《汽車(che)消費(fei)貸(dai)(dai)款(kuan)(kuan)合(he)同(tong)》或(huo)《分期(qi)付款(kuan)(kuan)購車(che)合(he)同(tong)》的(de)(de)(de)個人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)。車(che)貸(dai)(dai)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)理賠(pei)針對的(de)(de)(de)是(shi)投(tou)(tou)(tou)保(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)債權人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)即銀(yin)(yin)行(xing)的(de)(de)(de)損失，而不是(shi)對投(tou)(tou)(tou)保(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)即借款(kuan)(kuan)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)損失；車(che)貸(dai)(dai)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)以(yi)購車(che)借款(kuan)(kuan)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)還款(kuan)(kuan)信(xin)譽保(bao)(bao)(bao)證(zheng)為前(qian)提，顯然，車(che)貸(dai)(dai)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)屬于(yu)履約保(bao)(bao)(bao)證(zheng)保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)一種。

        

    2、車貸險是一種財(cai)產(chan)保險

        

     財(cai)(cai)產保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)，是指(zhi)以(yi)財(cai)(cai)產以(yi)及同(tong)財(cai)(cai)產有關的(de)利益(yi)為(wei)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)標的(de)的(de)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)。車貸(dai)險(xian)(xian)具(ju)有財(cai)(cai)產保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)的(de)性質，首先(xian)它不(bu)具(ju)有人(ren)身性，換句話說(shuo)，車貸(dai)險(xian)(xian)并(bing)不(bu)以(yi)人(ren)的(de)生(sheng)命和身體為(wei)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)標的(de)。其次財(cai)(cai)產保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)以(yi)賠償(chang)(chang)被保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)標的(de)的(de)損(sun)失(shi)(shi)為(wei)直接(jie)目的(de)，嚴格貫徹損(sun)害填補(bu)原則(ze)。無(wu)損(sun)失(shi)(shi)即無(wu)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)，保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)事故所導(dao)致的(de)損(sun)失(shi)(shi)，必須在經濟上能夠計算(suan)價值，否則(ze)，保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)的(de)補(bu)償(chang)(chang)將無(wu)法實(shi)現。在車貸(dai)險(xian)(xian)合同(tong)中，發生(sheng)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)事故所產生(sheng)的(de)損(sun)失(shi)(shi)，就是借款人(ren)不(bu)按照(zhao)履行(xing)還款義(yi)務所導(dao)致的(de)損(sun)失(shi)(shi)。車貸(dai)險(xian)(xian)是補(bu)償(chang)(chang)性保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)，且只有借款人(ren)不(bu)履行(xing)約定(ding)或法定(ding)義(yi)務給銀行(xing)財(cai)(cai)產造(zao)成實(shi)際(ji)損(sun)失(shi)(shi)時，保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)人(ren)才(cai)承擔(dan)經濟補(bu)償(chang)(chang)責任(ren)。